间充质干细胞治疗心肌梗塞临床文献分析
急性心肌梗塞抢救治疗后,大约23%的幸存者在30天内进展为心功能衰竭[1]。即使没进展到心功能衰竭阶段,患者生存质量也很低。干细胞的出现及动物实验的有效性,给急性心肌梗塞患者的康复带来很大的希望。随着临床研究的开展,干细胞治疗心肌梗塞的效果越来越得到医学专家的认可[2]。
临床研究显示单次冠脉注射自体骨髓单个核细胞(mononuclear cell,BMMC)能提高慢性心衰竭患者的长期生存质量和减少死亡率[3]。也有研究显示,心肌内注射骨髓单个核细胞能改善慢性缺血性心衰竭患者的局部缺血区域心肌功能,但整体心功能评价改变不大[4, 5]。也有研究发现自体骨髓单个核细胞(BMMC)冠脉内注射对急性心肌梗塞没有治疗效果[6]。细胞制剂含有的红细胞降低了骨髓单个核细胞(BMMC)提高左心室射血分数的功能[7]。细胞输入途径能影响到输入的细胞的活性和趋化特性/归巢,局部介入治疗能保证输入的细胞在局部的高浓度[8]。因此,有学者总结到细胞的纯度、细胞数量和输入途径都可能会影响到实验结果,甚至会得出相反的结论[9]。
骨髓单个核细胞治疗急性心梗的疗效不明确,加上间充质干细胞的分离和培养技术的成熟和推广,容易获得纯度高的间充质干细胞,使得研究中心偏向于间充质干细胞。心肌缺血区域给予自体骨髓间充质干细胞局部注射,首先逆转缺血区域的心肌重构,继而提高缺血区域的心肌功能[10]。
一个多中心临床试验以左心室射血分数为主要评价指标,观察到自体骨髓间充质干细胞冠脉内注射治疗急性心肌梗塞患者(急性心梗发作后1个月给予自体骨髓间充质干细胞单次治疗),6个月后单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)显示左心室射血分数明显改善(和对照组相比较),但是其他指标改善不明显[11]。
另一项随机双盲安慰剂对照的临床试验,异体骨髓间充质干细胞外周静脉单次注射治疗急性心肌梗塞,短期内显著提高患者的射血分数,减少室性心动过速,减少左心室收缩末期容积;虽然骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组6个月时候的超声心动图射血分数和安慰剂组没有差异,但是治疗组的左心室射血分数在3个月和6个月时候显著高于安慰剂组[12]。但是这项临床试验并没有设置阳性对照组(目前的常规治疗组),而且骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞活率只是70%以上[12]。
在我国开展的一个多中心双盲对照临床试验,异体脐带间充质干细胞单次冠脉内注射治疗急性心肌梗塞,治疗组4个月后的心功能和缺陷区域的血流灌注明显优于对照组,18个月后的左室射血分数高于对照组,也减少左心室收缩末期容积[13]。
不管是自体还是异体,骨髓间充质干细胞心肌内注射均能体高左心室缺血区局部功能、减少疤痕形成的面积、消除缺血区的心肌重构[10, 14]。也一些研究小组发现骨髓间充质干细胞治疗心脏疾病在改善心脏某一功能方面有显著的改善[10, 12, 15, 16],但是这种治疗效果只能维持几个月[17-20]。也有学者提出间充质干细胞的治疗时机对整体心功能的改善有很明显的影响[21]。
虽然动物实验显示,在缺血区短暂的气囊堵塞有助于间充质干细胞趋化到梗塞的心肌层[22, 23],但是在临床应用上需要评价这种操作的风险和收益,因为间充质干细胞本身就有很强的趋化到损伤部位的能力。目前认为间充质干细胞疗心血管疾病是通过分泌细胞因子(旁分泌)来减少组织的损伤(心肌细胞的凋亡和坏死)和/或促进组织的修复,而不是分化为心肌细胞[24-26]。
不同的临床研究(或临床试验),采用不同的治疗方案(如图,包括间充质干细胞的来源、细胞数、治疗次数、治疗途径、治疗时间),虽然短期内均能逆转缺陷后引发的心肌重构、改善缺血区的心肌功能、提高左心室射血分数、减少左心室收缩末期容积,但是很多指标改善不明显,长期疗效并不优于对照组。临床文献数据分析提示脐带来源的间充质干细胞治疗急性心梗的疗效更持久。虽然有学者提出健康异体间充质干细胞能获得大量的细胞数,其治疗心血管疾病的效果明显优于自体间充质干细胞[27],但是优化间充质干细胞治疗急性心梗的治疗方案更为重要,只有优化了治疗方案,才能取得更确切的长期疗效。
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